Summary
- Celluar organelle where photosynthesis takes place is called a chloroplast.
- Chloroplast contain chemical compunds called chlorophylls.
- The leaves contain the most cloroplasts and are the major sites of photosynthesi.
- Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the mesphyll.
- Tiny pores called stomata are found on the surface of the leaf.
- A chloroplast has an inner and an outer membrane.
- The inner membrane encloses a think fluid called stroma.
- Each thylakoid has a membrane surrounding an interior space.
- The thylakoids are arraged in stacks called grana.
- A substance's color is due to chemical compunds caled pigments.
- The pigments in the leaf's chloroplasts absorb blue-violet and red-orange light very well.
- Most of the green light passes through the leaf or bounces back.
- Leaves look green because the green light is not absorbed.
- Within the thylakoid membrance, chlorophyll and other molecules are arranged in photosystems.
- Each photosystem contains a few hundred pigmen molecules.
- Each time a pigment molecule absorbs light energy, one of the pigment's electrons gains energy.
- The reaction center consists of a hlorophyll a molecule located next to aother molecule called a primary electron acceptor.
- Two photosystems are involved in the light reactions.
- The first photosystem traps light energy and transfers the light-excited electrons to an elctron transport chain.
- This process releases oxygen as a waste product, and also releases hydrogen ions.
- In respiration, food provides the electrons for the electron transport chain.
- The second photosystem can be thought of as the "NADPH-producing photosystem."
- This photosystem produces NADPH by transferring excited electrons and hydrogen ions to NADP+.
- Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages, the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
- Sunlight is a form of electronmagnetic enegy.
- Electromagnetic energy travels in waves that can be compared to ocean waves rolling onto a beach.
- The different froms of electromagnetic energy have characteristic wavelengths.
- Visible light makes up only a small fraction of the elctromagnetic spectrum.
Vocab
Chloroplast- The cellular organelle where photosynthesis takes place
Chlorophylls- The chemical compounds that give these organelles a green color
Stroma- The inner membrane encloses a thick fluid
Thylakoid- Disk-shaped sacs that are suspended in the stroma
Light reactions- Convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy
Calvin cycle- Makes sugar from the atoms in carbon dioxide plus the hydrogen ions and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH.
Wavelength- The distance between two adjacent waves
Electromagnetic spectrum- The range of types of electromangetic energy, from the very short wavlengths of gamma rays to the very long wavelengths of radio waves
Pigment- The chemical compounds that a substance's color is due to
Papaer chromatography- A laboratory technique
Photosystems- The clusters where the chlorophyll and other molecules are arranged in
Concept checks
Concept 8.1
1. Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoids.
- Celluar organelle where photosynthesis takes place is called a chloroplast.
- Chloroplast contain chemical compunds called chlorophylls.
- The leaves contain the most cloroplasts and are the major sites of photosynthesi.
- Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the mesphyll.
- Tiny pores called stomata are found on the surface of the leaf.
- A chloroplast has an inner and an outer membrane.
- The inner membrane encloses a think fluid called stroma.
- Each thylakoid has a membrane surrounding an interior space.
- The thylakoids are arraged in stacks called grana.
- A substance's color is due to chemical compunds caled pigments.
- The pigments in the leaf's chloroplasts absorb blue-violet and red-orange light very well.
- Most of the green light passes through the leaf or bounces back.
- Leaves look green because the green light is not absorbed.
- Within the thylakoid membrance, chlorophyll and other molecules are arranged in photosystems.
- Each photosystem contains a few hundred pigmen molecules.
- Each time a pigment molecule absorbs light energy, one of the pigment's electrons gains energy.
- The reaction center consists of a hlorophyll a molecule located next to aother molecule called a primary electron acceptor.
- Two photosystems are involved in the light reactions.
- The first photosystem traps light energy and transfers the light-excited electrons to an elctron transport chain.
- This process releases oxygen as a waste product, and also releases hydrogen ions.
- In respiration, food provides the electrons for the electron transport chain.
- The second photosystem can be thought of as the "NADPH-producing photosystem."
- This photosystem produces NADPH by transferring excited electrons and hydrogen ions to NADP+.
- Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages, the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.
- Sunlight is a form of electronmagnetic enegy.
- Electromagnetic energy travels in waves that can be compared to ocean waves rolling onto a beach.
- The different froms of electromagnetic energy have characteristic wavelengths.
- Visible light makes up only a small fraction of the elctromagnetic spectrum.
Vocab
Chloroplast- The cellular organelle where photosynthesis takes place
Chlorophylls- The chemical compounds that give these organelles a green color
Stroma- The inner membrane encloses a thick fluid
Thylakoid- Disk-shaped sacs that are suspended in the stroma
Light reactions- Convert the energy in sunlight to chemical energy
Calvin cycle- Makes sugar from the atoms in carbon dioxide plus the hydrogen ions and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH.
Wavelength- The distance between two adjacent waves
Electromagnetic spectrum- The range of types of electromangetic energy, from the very short wavlengths of gamma rays to the very long wavelengths of radio waves
Pigment- The chemical compounds that a substance's color is due to
Papaer chromatography- A laboratory technique
Photosystems- The clusters where the chlorophyll and other molecules are arranged in
Concept checks
Concept 8.1
1. Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stroma, thylakoids.
2. What are the reactants for photosynthesis? What are the products?
The reactants for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. The products are glucose and oxygen.
3. Name the two main stages of photosynthesis. How are the two stages related?
Light reactons and Calvin cycle. They collaborate together to make glucose and oxygen.
Concept 8.2
1. Explain why a leaf appears green.
Because the green light is not absorbed.
2. Describe what happens when a molecule of chlorophyll a absorbs light.
It transfers the light into another molecule.
3. Besides oxygen, what two molecules are produced by the light reactions?
Hydrogen ions and NADPH
4. Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
In the thylakiod membrane in the chloroplast.
The reactants for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. The products are glucose and oxygen.
3. Name the two main stages of photosynthesis. How are the two stages related?
Light reactons and Calvin cycle. They collaborate together to make glucose and oxygen.
Concept 8.2
1. Explain why a leaf appears green.
Because the green light is not absorbed.
2. Describe what happens when a molecule of chlorophyll a absorbs light.
It transfers the light into another molecule.
3. Besides oxygen, what two molecules are produced by the light reactions?
Hydrogen ions and NADPH
4. Where in the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
In the thylakiod membrane in the chloroplast.
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